"by the time" 是一个常用的介词短语,通常用作连词,来引导时间状语从句。它的主要用法和语法规则如下:
从句中的谓语动词是一般过去时,主句中的谓语动词通常用过去完成时
这种结构表示“截止到从句动作发生时,主句动作已经完成,即过去的过去”。例如:
By the time she arrived, the meeting had already started.
By the time we got to the airport, the plane had taken off.
从句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或现在完成时(表示将来),主句中的谓语动词通常用将来完成时
这种结构表示“截止到将来某一时间为止,主句动作将已经完成”。例如:
By the time you finish your homework, I will have already eaten dinner.
By the time we start the meeting, the survey results will be ready.
如果主句动作不强调已经完成,只是说明某个时候的状况
在这种情况下,主句通常使用一般时态,而不使用完成时态。此时,by the time 相当于 when。例如:
By the time I arrived, they were already eating dinner.
By the time the movie started, I was too tired to enjoy it.
by the time 也可以用作介词短语,后面直接跟名词或动名词
这种用法通常表示“到……时候为止”或“在……时候”。例如:
By the time we got back, the house had been cleaned.
By the time the kids go to bed, they will have read several books.
总结起来,by the time 的语法规则主要依赖于从句中的谓语动词时态,并根据需要选择合适的主句谓语动词时态来表达“截止到某个时间点为止”的动作或状态。希望这些规则能帮助你更好地理解和运用这个短语。